There are various games that have implemented the bounty mechanic, and it definitely adds realism; it makes it clear that all actions have consequences, and in Starfield, it's no different. Players that are caught doing bad deeds in Starfield will have to deal with having a bounty on their heads.
Starfield: How to Remove a Bounty
Players can remove the price on their heads in Starfield by paying their bounties - here's how it works.